Blog

Introduction

In a 2020 interview, Michael Jordan stated: “To win, you have to lose…To be happy, you have to have disappointment.”

Disappointment is a uniquely human response that arises when reality falls short of our hopes or expectations—what van Dijk (1999)^1 describes as the “non-fulfilment of an expectation.” Unlike regret,...

Research shows that the threat of disappointment is strongest when feedback is imminent—what van Dijk, Zeelenberg, & van der Pligt (2003)^1 termed the temporal proximity of feedback in the Journal of ...